This article is part of a series on Robotic Lower Limb Exoskeletons, edited by Dr Ferris.

Commentary

Exoskeletons and orthoses: classification, design challenges and future directions

Hugh Herr^1,2

¹  MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Room 424, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

²  MIT-Harvard Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames Street, Room 424, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

author email corresponding author email

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2009, 6:21doi:10.1186/1743-0003-6-21

Published:	18 June 2009

Abstract

For over a century, technologists and scientists have actively sought the development of exoskeletons and orthoses designed to augment human economy, strength, and endurance. While there are still many challenges associated with exoskeletal and orthotic design that have yet to be perfected, the advances in the field have been truly impressive. In this commentary, I first classify exoskeletons and orthoses into devices that act in series and in parallel to a human limb, providing a few examples within each category. This classification is then followed by a discussion of major design challenges and future research directions critical to the field of exoskeletons and orthoses.